Water excretion is tightly regulated by antidiuretic hormone (ADH), synthesized in the hypothalamus, and stored in the posterior pituitary gland. Water intake is regulated by the thirst mechanism where osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus trigger thirst when body osmolality reaches 295 mOsm/kg. The imbalance of water intake and excretion causes hyponatremia or hypernatremia. To maintain normal osmolality, water intake should be equal to water excretion. Normal plasma osmolality is around 275 mOsm/kg to 290 mOsm/kg. “Every single dive on it delivers fabulous finds, and reveals how the ‘1%’ lived in the time of Caesar,” added project co-director Dr Brendan Foley, a marine archaeologist with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.Thirst stimulation, antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion, and handling of filtered sodium by kidneys maintain serum sodium and osmolality. “We were very lucky this year, as we excavated many finds within their context, which gave us the opportunity to take full advantage of all the archaeological information they could provide,” said Dr Theotokis Theodoulou, a maritime archaeologist in the Ephorate of Underwater Antiquities of the Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports. Many bits of bronze were also found: small and large nails, what may be the loop end of a ladle or skillet, and a very fragile bronze mass next to the blue bead. They also collected sediment samples for grain starch and phytolith analysis. The divers took DNA samples from the wood, and also collected DNA samples from all of the intact ceramic vessels. The team also recovered a section of bronze furniture, perhaps from a throne, and wooden remains from the hull of the ship. A probable stone statuette base, rebated and filled with an as-yet unidentified substance, very similar to others recovered from this wreck, was also recovered. The archaeologists recovered a series of fragmentary luxury goods, including mosaic glass, clear glass, part of a bone flute, a blue hemispherical bead (possibly glass), an ornate mould-formed lagynos (or table jug). The analysis will determine where the lead was mined, to reveal the home port of the ship.Ī Rhodian amphora neck with stamped handle and an intact Koan demi-amphora were also recovered. Most artifacts were 3D modeled in situ, then 3D modeled again after being raised.įifteen lead artifacts were recovered for isotopic analysis: a huge salvage ring, two anchor components, several pieces of hull sheathing, etc. Metal detectors revealed the presence of buried objects throughout the wreck site. The expedition included 40 hours of bottom time, with four archaeologists diving the site and performing controlled excavation to the highest scientific standard with specially designed equipment. The 2015 expedition has left the archaeologists with the best understanding yet of this shipwreck and its cargo. Hampered by bad weather, the expedition included just four dive days for professional divers who recovered a series of artifacts on the surface sediment and proved that much of the ship’s cargo is indeed still preserved beneath the sediment. All works are conducted under the supervision of the Greek Ephorate of Underwater Antiquities.ĭuring an expedition in 2014, the team created a three-dimensional map of the site using cameras mounted on an autonomous underwater vehicle. The 2015 expedition is part of a multi-year underwater project at the site, which began in 2014.ĭuring the project, named Return to Antikythera, an international team of archaeologists under the direction of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution of Massachusetts expects to recover artifacts and ancient artwork still buried in the seafloor. Image credit: Brett Seymour / EUA / ARGO. The ten-man dive team used advanced technical diving equipment including closed-circuit rebreathers and trimix breathing gases, performing 61 dives in 10 days of diving on the wreck. The 2015 expedition marked the first time archaeologists were able to join specialist divers in descending to the 180 feet (55 m) deep site.
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